Library
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Calcium acetate is given off label and by mouth to treat elevated blood phosphorus levels, especially due to kidney disease. Side effects may include nausea or stomach upset. This medication should not be used in pets that are allergic to it or have high blood calcium levels. If a negative reaction occurs, please call your veterinary office.
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Calcium carbonate + chitosan (brand name Epakitin®) is a phosphorus binder and calcium supplement. It is used to treat high blood phosphorus levels in cats and dogs with chronic kidney disease and to treat low blood calcium levels in cats, dogs, and other species.
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Calcium oxalate bladder stones are composed of a mineral called calcium oxalate. Cats are more likely to develop oxalate stones when their urine contains high levels of calcium and oxalate. Additionally, a low urine pH promotes the formation of oxalate stones. Bladder stones can cause significant inflammation and irritation of the bladder wall. Signs may include frequent urination, straining to urinate, blood in the urine, and urinating outside of the litterbox. Male cats especially are at risk of a life-threatening urinary obstruction. Treatment options and prognosis are discussed.
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Calcium supplements are various forms of calcium used to treat or prevent low calcium blood levels (hypocalcemia) in many species. Calcium supplementation should only be used under veterinary supervision, as too much calcium can cause other health problems.
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Oral calcium (-carbonate, -gluconate, -lactate) is a phosphorus binder and calcium supplement. It is used to treat high blood phosphorus levels in cats, dogs, and other animals with chronic kidney disease and to treat low blood calcium levels in cats, dogs, and other species. Oral calcium comes in powder, capsule, liquid suspension, and tablet forms.
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Calendula (Calendula officinalis), also known as pot marigold, is most used as a topical anti-inflammatory and antiseptic. It has also been used less often to treat and prevent gastric ulcers, and to help lower blood sugar. Calendula is most often used in dogs, cats, and horses.
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Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a naturally occurring cannabinoid (a compound found in the Cannabis plant), which is used as an analgesic (pain reliever) and anticonvulsant. It is used to treat osteoarthritic pain and to help control seizures in dogs and other species. Cannabidiol should only be given under direction of a veterinarian. It is used “off label” or “extra label” in animals.
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Cats and dogs can become intoxicated by cannabis in various ways, most commonly by eating edibles (e.g., baked goods, candies, chocolate bars, and chips containing cannabis), or by ingesting cannabis directly (in any form). Pets can also be exposed to second-hand smoke. A small amount may affect one pet more than another, so there is no official safe level of exposure. Many of the signs of intoxication are neurological, including disorientation, dilated pupils, and hyperactivity. In severe cases, tremors, seizures, and coma can result. Regardless of the method of exposure, accurate and complete information from the owner is imperative to treat the patient successfully.
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Capillaria is a small internal parasite that is closely related to intestinal worms, though they can live in a variety of locations within the body. Diagnosis can be difficult because the eggs intermittently. In many cases, earthworms serve as the source of Capillaria infection. This handout outlines diagnosis, treatments, and prevention.
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Capromorelin is an appetite stimulant used to encourage appetite in dogs and help manage weight loss in cats with chronic kidney disease. It is a liquid solution given by mouth. Side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, increased drinking and urination, and intestinal sounds. This medication should not be used in pets allergic to it and be used with caution in those with liver and kidney disease. If a negative reaction occurs, call your veterinary office.